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Original Article |

Proximal Reflux as a Cause of Adult-Onset Asthma:  The Case for Hypopharyngeal Impedance Testing to Improve the Sensitivity of Diagnosis

Yoshihiro Komatsu, MD; Toshitaka Hoppo, MD, PhD; Blair A. Jobe, MD
JAMA Surg. 2013;148(1):50-58. doi:10.1001/jamasurgery.2013.404.
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Objectives  To determine the patterns and proximity of reflux events in patients with adult-onset asthma (AOA) using hypopharyngeal multichannel intraluminal impedance (HMII) and to assess outcomes of antireflux surgery (ARS) in patients with AOA.

Design  Retrospective review of prospectively collected data.

Setting  University hospital.

Patients, Interventions, and Outcomes  All patients with AOA referred to our testing center underwent HMII, and those with abnormal proximal exposure, defined as laryngopharyngeal reflux at least once a day and/or high esophageal reflux at least 5 times a day, subsequently underwent ARS.

Results  From October 1, 2009, through June 30, 2011, a total of 31 patients with AOA (4 men and 27 women; mean age, 53 years) underwent HMII. Of 27 patients with available information, 11 (41%) had objective evidence of reflux disease. Nineteen patients (70%) had concomitant typical reflux symptoms. Despite a frequently negative DeMeester score, abnormal proximal exposure, which occurred in the upright position, was observed in 19 patients (70%). Of 20 patients who subsequently underwent ARS, asthma symptoms improved in 18 (90%), and 6 of them discontinued or reduced pulmonary medications at a mean (range) follow-up of 4.6 (0.6-15.2) months. Pulmonary function test results before and after ARS revealed that of 5 patients, 4 (80%) had improvement of the forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration and/or the peak expiratory flow rate, which correlated with symptomatic improvement.

Conclusions  Adult-onset asthma is associated with abnormal proximal exposure of the aerodigestive tract to refluxate; these patients respond to ARS despite negative pH test results. Patients with AOA should undergo testing with HMII because they would not be detected with conventional pH testing.

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Figures

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Grahic Jump Location

Figure 1. Representative impedance tracings of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) and high esophageal reflux. Left, distal pH decreased to less than 4, and retrograde bolus transit reached the hypopharynx. There was a hypopharyngeal pH decrease, but it remained greater than 4, indicating acid (distal) to nonacid (hypopharyngeal) LPR secondary to mixing with saliva. Right, distal pH decreased no less than 4, and retrograde bolus transit reached the impedance electrode pairs 2 cm distal to the cricopharyngeus muscle but did not reach pharyngeal electrodes, indicating nonacid (distal) high esophageal reflux.

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Grahic Jump Location

Figure 2. Flowchart of patient selection. AOA indicates adult-onset asthma; ARS, antireflux surgery; HER, high esophageal reflux; HMII, hypopharyngeal multichannel intraluminal impedance; and LPR, laryngopharyngeal reflux.

Place holder to copy figure label and caption
Grahic Jump Location

Figure 3. Pulmonary function testing before and after antireflux surgery (ARS). Of the 5 patients who underwent pulmonary function testing after ARS, 3 demonstrated improvement of the peak expiratory flow (PEF) rate (A), and 4 showed improvement in forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration (FEV1) (B). All these patients (except the one with decreasing lung function) had symptomatic relief after ARS.

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