About This Journal FREE

To promote the art and science of surgery by publishing relevant peer-reviewed clinical and basic science information to assist the surgeon in optimizing patient care. The Archives of Surgery will also serve as a forum for the discussion of issues that involve ethics, teaching, surgical history, and socioeconomic concerns.

Approved by the Editorial Board, Archives of Surgery, July 19, 1996.

Editor: Claude H. Organ, Jr, MD University of California–San Francisco, East Bay 1411 E 31st St Oakland, CA 94602 archsurg@jama-archives.org

Associate Editor, CME Section Editor: Gerald W. Peskin, MD, Oakland, Calif

Section Editor, Operative Techniques: Jack Pickleman, MD, Chicago, Ill

Web Editor: Grace S. Rozycki, MD, Atlanta, Ga

Editorial Assistant: Margaret M. Kosiba, Emeryville, Calif Phone: (510) 437-4940 Fax: (510) 534-5639 E-mail: archsurg@jama-archives.org

Timothy R. Billiar, MD, Pittsburgh, Pa Richard J. Bold, MD, Sacramento, Calif Carl E. Bredenberg, MD, Portland, Me L.D. Britt, MD, MPH, Norfolk, Va Jo Buyske, MD, Philadelphia, Pa Susan Galandiuk, MD, Louisville, Ky Clive S. Grant, MD, Rochester, Minn Eddie L. Hoover, MD, Buffalo, NY Charles D. Mabry, MD, Pine Bluff, Ark Ronald V. Maier, MD, Seattle, Wash Jeffrey B. Matthews, MD, Cincinnati, Ohio Mary H. McGrath, MD, MPH, San Francisco, Calif David S. Mulder, MD, Montreal, Quebec J. Patrick O'Leary, MD, New Orleans, La Mark L. Silen, MD, MBA, Portland, Ore Steven D. Wexner, MD, Fort Lauderdale, Fla Michael E. Zenilman, MD, Brooklyn, NY

Licinio Angelini, MD, Rome, Italy Leigh W. Delbridge, MD, Sydney, NSW, Australia S. T. Fan, MB, BS, MS, Hong Kong, China Ch. Herfarth, MD, Heidelberg, Germany Kazutomo Inoue, MD, Kyoto, Japan Delawir Kahn, MBChB, FCS(SA), ChM(UCT), Cape Town, South Africa Jin-Pok Kim, MD, Seoul, Korea Raj Mohan Nambiar, MBBS, Singapore Hector Orozco, MD, Mexico City, Mexico Bernard F. Ribeiro, MB, BS, FRCS, London, England Manuel Trias, MD, PhD, Barcelona, Spain

Dean Lewis, MD, 1920-1940 Waltman Walters, MD, 1941-1942; 1946-1961 Lester Dragstedt, MD, 1943-1945 J. Garrett Allen, MD, 1962-1969 Richard Warren, MD, 1970-1976 Arthur Baue, MD, 1977-1988

Offices: 515 N State St, Chicago, IL 60610

Catherine D. DeAngelis, MD, MPH Editor in Chief, Scientific Publications & Multimedia Applications

Cheryl Iverson, Managing Editor

Department Director: Paula Glitman Manuscript Editing Manager: Brenda Gregoline Senior Manuscript Editors: Vickey Golden, Cheryl L. Tobey Manuscript Editor: Tracy Frey Freelance Manuscript Editing Manager: Diane L. Cannon Freelance Manuscript Editing Coordinators: Lauren B. Fischer, Connie Manno Freelance Copy Editors and Copyreaders: Catherine A. Alden, Karen L. Boyd, Lisa M. Cluver, Mary Coerver-Connolly, Allison Esposito, Laura King, Mary A. Kingzette, Nicole C. Netter, Caroline Woods Editorial Systems Managers: Paul Frank, Monica Mungle Systems Programmer/Internet Specialist: J. D. Neff Editorial Assistant: Wanda Hill

Executive Assistant to the Editor: Marla A. Hall

Director: Margaret Winker, MD Electronic Media Department Director: Michelle Kurzynski Associate Web Editor: Erin M. Giannini Web Office Manager: Nadine Siewnarine

Group Publisher: Nawin Gupta, PhD Assistant Publisher: Geoffrey Flick VP Office Staff: Terri Hanley, Christine Hearne

Division Director: William Fox Director, Licensing & Permissions: Norman Frankel, PhD Managers: Kathy Braun, Vida Damijonaitis Staff: Rhonda Bailey, Millette Jackson-Bates, Sandra Garzon, Anna Goins, Jeremy Nielsen

Publisher: Bonnie Chi-Lum, MD, MPH

Director, Advertising Sales: Jeffery J. Bonistalli Sales and Marketing Services: Nancy Bell Staff: Susan Lovenberg, Mirna Monal, Debra Ann Sardo

Manager: Thalia Moss Staff: Trina Rizzo, Barbara Van Wagner

Director: Mark Kuhns Staff: Wanda Bartolotta, Joseph Rekash

Division Director: Vanessa Hayden Directors: Karen Adams-Taylor, Paul Gasiecki, Sue Sherrill Managers: David Antos, Karen Branham, Suzanne J. Bukovsky, Debbie Camp, Diane Darnell, Karl Elvin, Betty Frigerio, Linda Gardner, Charl Jensen, Mary Ellen Johnston, Mark Matura, Michael McGraw, Phil O'Leary, Susan Price, Alfred Tomaselli, Carmela Ware Advertising and Production Services: Linda Alexander, Susan Chiara, Mary Anne Donley, Euwanaha Joiner-Smith, Brian McCartney, Sean O'Donnell, Noemi Olmo, Ryan Patella, Carole Piszker, Cindy Rendlen, Denise Steinhauser, Ellen Yoshihara Circulation Processing: Bernadette Bauer, Julie Burton, Rosa Eng, Felicia Kyles, Lawrence Majkszak, Kathryn Osten Composition and New Media: Rebecca Aiken, Gail Barrett, Regina Brownlee, Brenda Chandler-Grayer, Amy Evers, Domenic Fosco, Mary Ann Kuranda, Sandra Lopez, Bruce McGregor, Ted Piwowar, La'son Diggs Sledge, Angela Smits Graphics: Joe Amft, Fred Furtner, Carolyn Hall, Maria Kowalkowski, Chris Meyer, JoAnne Weiskopf Proofreading: Carol Joy Farrell, Daniel James, Judith A. Literskis, Teresa H. Omiotek, Barbara Wojtowicz, Agnes A. Zarkadas

Michael D. Maves, MD, MBA, Executive Vice President, Chief Executive Officer Robert A. Musacchio, PhD, Senior Vice President, Publishing & Business Services

All articles published, including editorials, letters, and book reviews, represent the opinions of the authors and do not reflect the policy of the American Medical Association, the Editorial Board, or the institution with which the author is affiliated, unless this is clearly specified.

Copyright 2004 by the American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Reproduction without permission is prohibited.