RT Journal
A1 Chang K, Graf E, Davis K, Demos J, Roethle T, Freischlag J
T1 SPectrum of thoracic outlet syndrome presentation in adolescents
JF Archives of Surgery
JO Archives of Surgery
YR 2011
FD December 1
VO 146
IS 12
SP 1383
OP 1387
DO 10.1001/archsurg.2011.739
UL http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.2011.739
AB Objective 
                  To study the outcomes of children with thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) treated surgically with transaxillary first-rib resection and scalenectomy (FRRS).Design 
                  A retrospective database review.Setting 
                  The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions.Patients 
                  Patients 18 years or younger who had undergone FRRS.Interventions 
                  All patients underwent FRRS. Patients with venous TOS underwent venography 2 weeks postoperatively.Main Outcomes Measures 
                  For patients with venous TOS, good outcomes included patent subclavian veins. For patients with neurogenic and arterial TOS, good outcomes included relief of pain and discomfort.Results 
                  Thirty-five adolescents, including 14 male and 21 female patients, presented with TOS. Of these, 18 had venous symptoms, 9 had neurogenic symptoms, and 8 had arterial symptoms. Seventeen of the 18 patients with venous TOS had thrombosis. At postoperative venography, 13 patients required dilation of a stenotic vein, 2 had patent veins, and 2 had chronically occluded veins. All 18 patients had patent veins, but 1 had persistent ipsilateral neurogenic symptoms. Physical therapy before FRRS had failed in all 9 patients with neurogenic TOS. Five of the 8 patients with arterial TOS presented with abnormal ribs. Two had episodes of embolization, and 1 had an occluded radial artery. None had an axillosubclavian aneurysm. All 8 patients underwent FRRS; 3 also required removal of the fused cervical rib. All 35 patients had a favorable follow-up period.Conclusions 
                  Adolescents present more frequently with venous and arterial TOS than do adults. However, in nearly all adolescent patients, treatment with FRRS leads to a rapid return to full activity.