TY  - JOUR
T1  - SUrgical management of instrumental perforation of the esophagus
AU  - BISGARD J, KERR H
Y1  - 1949/06/01
N1  - 10.1001/archsurg.1949.01240030750002
JO  - Archives of Surgery
SP  - 739
EP  - 751
VL  - 58
IS  - 6
N2  - PERFORATION of the esophagus from instrumentation is a tragic accident and an urgent surgical emergency. Unless promptly and properly treated, it is usually fatal. Proper treatment consists of the immediate establishment of wide and free drainage to the site of perforation in addition to adequate antibiotic and supportive therapy and other less important measures. This has been emphasized by Hoover,1 Touroff2 and others.Although this discussion is concerned with perforation caused by instrumentation, it would seem desirable to include a classification of all causes.A. Instrinsic causes1. Tumors arising in the oesophagus2. Esophagitis Nonspecific, tuberculous, syphilitic3. Spontaneous perforations Ruptures from violent vomiting4. Ulceration Peptic, Curling's (Rankin)3B. Extrinsic causes1. Instrumentation Endoscopy, dilation2. Swallowed foreign bodies Bones, dentures, pins3. Penetrating wounds Stab, bullet4. Penetration of extrinsic neoplasms5. Perforations of extrinsic infections Pyogenic and tuberculous adenitis and mediastinal abscesses6.
SN  - 0272-5533
M3  - doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1949.01240030750002
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.1949.01240030750002
ER  -